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>>> STARTING RAID <<< RAID is started the same way as DEBUG. Type RAID followed by an optional program name followed by optional arguments. The only difference between RAID and DEBUG command lines is that the file extension must be specified. To run RAID enter: RAID To debug foo.com enter: RAID FOO.COM To debug myfile.exe with apple as an argument enter: RAID MYFILE.EXE APPLE If a file is found with the same name as the program to be debugged with a .SYM extension it is automatically loaded into the symbol table. Raid may be loaded resident so it may be used anytime. To call up raid after it's been loaded resident and exited use the <5> key on the numeric pad without numlock. Note: When raid is resident it keeps interrupts 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 vectored to itself. Avoid running programs that also trap these. There will also be about a 48k reduction in free ram. To load RAID resident enter: RAID +R Note: A filename and arguments may follow the +r. .pa >>> Commands <<< Raid commands are available after typing <F1>. Several commands that are commonly used are definded as control and function keys. The function and control key definitions are in the command summary section. Commands are selected using a nested tree structure. The escape key will remove you from the command tree. Or if not in the command tree will display the function key settings on the second display line. Once the <F1> has been depressed the first display line will show a list of subjects. The second line will show all the subject's options. To select a different subject use the cursor keys or the space bar. Once the subject wanted is highlighted press the return key. If the selection is already know simply enter the first letter of the subject. This may go on for many levels until a specific command is reached. At this point the second line will display a brief description of what action will take place. Some commands require data from the user. In this case the user will be prompted on the first line with the description on the second line of the display. After the prompt arguments are entered they must be followed by a return. Commands that require multiple arguments must have arguments seperated by a space or comma. .pa >>> WINDOWS <<< Raid uses windows for viewing and modifing various data. The windows are named BREAKPOINT, CPU, DATA, PROGRAM, STACK, SYMBOLS, and 6301. Only one window may be active at a time. To change from window to window use the <F4> key. To go directly to a window use the following: <F1> W C B -or- CTRL-B for BREAKPOINT <F1> W C C -or- CTRL-C for CPU <F1> W C D -or- CTRL-D for DATA <F1> W C P -or- CTRL-P for PROGRAM <F1> W C S -or- CTRL-S for STACK <F1> P S L for SYMBOL <F1> W C 6 -or- CTRL-P <F4> for 6301 When a window is active the window name is highlighted in reverse video. The current item in the window is also highlighted in reverse video. To change the current selected item use the cursor keys. To scroll the window a line at a time use the cursor keys. To scroll the window a page at a time use the PgUp and PgDn keys. To set the window orgin address (start address of window) to a desired value enter the value followed by the <F2> key. The orgin may also be changed by the <F1> W A command. To change from data or text in the DATA window use the <F3> key. Or to change the stack direction in the STACK window use the <F3> key. In all other windows <F3> will be ignored. To change data in a window simply type the new data and press the return key. Raid displays all windows on one screen except the symbol window. The SYMBOL window requires a screen of it's own. When viewing the SYMBOL window as escape key will return you to the others. The 6301 window will be available only if the computer model is a KAYPRO 2000 (The Flexy). BREAKPOINT window: The breakpoint window displays the status and setting of the permanet breakpoints. It also allows the setting of breakpoints. The breakpoints are numbered 0: thru 9:. The breakpoint viewed in the window may be selected by entering the breakpoint number and pressing <F2> or with the <F1> W A command. To scroll thru the breakpoints use the PgUp and PgDn or cursor keys. If a 'D' follows the breakpoint number the breakpoint is disabled. The address, count, type and condition of the breakpoint is also displayed. If the breakpoint is not assigned then 'CLEAR' is displayed in the window. The address is displayed as segment:offset. The count is displayed as a word hex value. Count of 1 means break on the first time. The type is displayed as 'Stop', 'Enable #', 'Disable #', or 'Call segment:offset'. The condition is displayed as it was entered. (Such as AX<>0). When a breakpoint is encountered the BREAKPOINT window will select that breakpoint. For example if breakpoint 7 is used then the window will display breakpoint 7. Breakpoints reached in a programs or breakpoint numbers used in commands will cause this action. To set a breakpoint enter the specification followed by return. (See BREAKPOINT section for more information). .pa CPU window: The CPU window displays all machine registers and flags. To change the value position the current item over the register or flag value to be changed, enter the expression to be placed and press return. Values entered in the flags must be 0 or 1. Since conditional expressions generate these they can be used to set flags. For example: AX<>CX would set a flag if AX was not equal to CX, else if they were equal the flag would be reset. Expressions can also generate 0 or 1 and can even be used to copy flags. For example: FLC&FLI would set a flag if the carry and interrupt flags were on, else the flag would be reset. If values other than 0 and 1 are attempted an error is issued. The CPU window will not accept an orgin address or scroll. If an attempt is made to move the item out of the window wraparound will occur. Scroll keys are ignored. An attempt to set an orgin address will result in an error. .pa DATA window: The DATA window displays 40 bytes of memory in a specified format and the ascii text. If the ascii character cannot be displayed then a diamond is displayed insted. The format of the data displayed defaults to bytes. This can be changed by using the following commands: <F1> F D A Display data in address form. <F1> F D B Display data in byte form. <F1> F D L Display data in long form. <F1> F D W Display data in word form. Data entry may be done in hexadecimal (addresses, bytes, long, or words) or ascii. To change from one to the other use the <F3> key. In either mode to select an item to be changed position the highlight over it. Then if using the ascii mode enter the ascii characters to be stored followed by a return. If using the hexadecimal mode enter a list of Addresses, bytes, long intergers, or words. A list is defined as one or more expressions seperated by commas or spaces followed by a return. List examples: Address format: cs:145,2378,1256:76c9 Byte format: 12,d4,'a','b',12*3,al,{si} Long format: 1234:5678 (Means 12345678) Long intergers must be entered in address form. Word format: 1234,'sd','a',132*4,ax,[es:bx] As things in memory change the DATA window will reflect the change real time. For example set the DATA window address to 40:40 and watch the timer tic. When setting the DATA window to the video display area the screen will look very 'noisy'. This is from the video ram being access during the trace and is normal. On a break the DATA window will show DS:0. When specifing a new address for the DATA window if the segment is omitted DS will be assumed. .pa PROGRAM window: The program window displays the disassembled program and allows inline assembly. To change an item in the program window position the highlight over the instruction to change. Then enter the new assemble instruction followed by a return. Instructions that are 'abnormal' will be shown in brown. Instructions that are breakpoint will be shown in blue. Symbolic labels will be shown in red and followed by a colon. An arrow preceding the address means this instruction will be executed next (Instruction Pointer). An asterisks following the address means this is a temporary breakpoint. When an instruction that references memory is highlighted the effective address and contents is displayed on the second line. When the size of an operand is not obvious the disassembler will use 'BYTE PTR' and 'WORD PTR' prefixs. The assembler accepts these prefixs. If the operand size is not obvious and a prefix is not used 'BYTE PTR' is assumed. When immediates are used 2 hexadecimal digits refer to a byte while four refer to a word. Segment overides are disassembled on a seperate line and must be entered as such with the assembler. The mnemonic for a far return is RETF. Jump instructions are coded SHORT, NEAR, and FAR automatically but may be overode using SHORT, NEAR, or FAR prefixes. String instructions must specify the size in the mnemonic. MOVS cannot be used, MOVSB for byte or MOVSW for word can. Addresses (even symbolic ones) are always displayed in brackets. The assembler expects this syntax. If an address is not placed in brackets it will be interpeted as an immediate value by the parser. All opcode synonyms are supported by the assembler. The disassembler however will chose which one to use. The disassembler uses the following: SHL, REPNZ, REPZ, LOOPZ, LOOPNZ, JO, JNO, JC, JNC, JZ, JNZ, JBE, JA, JS, JNS, JP, JNP, JL, JGE, and JLE. The exchange AX with AX instruction is assembled and disassembled as NOP. Of course XCHG AX,AX will also assemble as NOP. Undefined instructions will disassemble as DB or DW depending if 1 or 2 bytes are invalid. The following mnemonics are recognized by Raid: >>>>> Instructions <<<<< AAA AAD AAM AAS ADC ADD AND CALL CBW CLC CLD CLI CMC CMP CMPSB CMPSW CWD DAA DAS DEC DIV ESC HLT IDIV IMUL IN INC INT INTO IRET JA JAE JB JBE JC JCXZ JE JG JGE JL JLE JMP JNA JNAE JNB JNBE JNC JNE JNL JNLE JNG JNGE JNO JNP JNS JNZ JO JP JPE JPO JS JZ LAHF LDS LEA LES LOCK LODSB LODSW LOOPE LOOPNE LOOPNZ LOOPZ MOV MOVSB MOVSW MUL NEG NOP NOT OR OUT POP POPF PUSH PUSHF RCL RCR REPE REPNE REPNZ REPZ RET RETF ROL ROR SAHF SAL SAR SBB SCASB SCASW SHL SHR STC STD STI STOSB STOSW SUB TEST WAIT XCHG XLAT XOR >>>>> Segment overides <<<<< CS: DS: ES: SS: >>>>> Registers <<<<< AX, BX, CX, DX, BP, DI, SI, SP, SS, CS, DS, ES AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL >>>>> Prefixes <<<<< SHORT, NEAR, FAR, BYTE PTR, WORD PTR The radix of immediate values disassembled may be changed by the <F1> F R x commands where x refers to the radix. Binary, decimal, hexadecimal, or octal may be selected. The following shows each command: <F1> F R B Display in binary <F1> F R D Display in decimal <F1> F R H Display in hexadecimal <F1> F R O Display in octal Symbol types are looked at during disassemble. Symbols defined as byte will be disassembled (For the symbol length) as DBs. Symbols defined as constants will replace any immediate value. Symbol defined as labels or addresses will replace any reference or address. Disassemble to disk can be done using the <F1> D D command. (See Disk section). The CTRL-N key will set the Instruction Pointer to the current selected item in the PROGRAM window. .pa STACK window: The STACK window displays the contents of the stack and allows changes to the stack contents. To change a stack value position the highlight over the item to change, enter the new value and press return. The stack order may be reversed by using the <F3> key. From incrementing to decrementing and vice versa. An arrow before the address indicates the stack pointer. The stack upon a program break starts at SS:SP. The stack window could be used as another data window for words only but on a program break will return to a stack display. To do this use <F1> W A or <F2>, the <F3> key also so the addresses are incrementing. .pa >>> EXPRESSIONS <<< Raid values may be entered as hexadecimal values or as expressions. Expressions contain operands and operators. Operands may be constants(binary, decimal, hexadecimal, or octal), machine register mnemonics, machine flag mnemonics, memory contents (byte or word), quoted characters, or symbols. Operators are unary, conditional, arithmetic, or logical. Expressions may be evaluated by the <F1> E command followed by the expression to evaluate. The expression may also be evaluated if followed by the <F8> key. The evaluated expression is displayed on the 2nd display line in binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. Conditional expressions are helpful in breaking a program under a certain circumstance. For example break if ds:[123] changed, or when the carry flag goes on, ect... Nesting of parenthesis may be done. They may be nested 16 levels deep. Expression are processed left to right so parenthesis are often needed. If the parenthesis mismatch then an error will be issued. Division by zero is not allowed. If this occurs an error will be issued. If a division by zero is done in a running program it will be trapped by Raid and an error issued. Examples of expressions: AX SI+BX/7 123*(BX/3) FLC|FLO=0 [DS:BX+SI-18]<>SYMBOL Unary operators: + Positive - Negitive (2's complement) ~ Complement (1's complement) Conditional operators: = Equal to <> Not equal to > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to / Not less than <= Less than or equal to / Not greater than Arithmetic operators: + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division % Remainer Logical operators: & And | Or \< Shift left \> Shift Right () Precedence Notes: Using operator combinations many useful functions can be derived. Operators may be mixed in any fashion. The following would be used to complete the boolean functions: NAND ~(<opr1>&<opr2>) NOR ~(<opr1>|<opr2>) EXOR ~((<opr1>&<opr2>)|~(<opr1>|<opr2>)) EXNOR (<opr1>&<opr2>)|~(<opr1>|<opr2>) Hexadecimal constants: Hexadecimal constants may be entered as is without a leading zero even if the leading digit is between 'a' and 'f'. This can be troblesom if a symbol for example is named 'face'. In this case 0face would be used for a constant and face for the symbol. Entering long constants (double words) must be done as entering an address. For example 12345678 would be entered as 1234:5678. Binary constants: Binary constants must be preceeded by a '^B'. For example ^B1101 would enter 0dh. Decimal constants: Decimal constants must be preceeded by a '^D'. For example ^D13 would enter 0dh. Octal constants: Octal constants must be preceeded by a '^O'. For example ^O15 would enter 0dh. Machine register mnemonics: All 16 bit registers are supported: AX, BX, CX, DX, SI, DI, BP, SP All segments registers are supported: CS, DS, ES, SS Control registers are supported: IP and FL (Instruction Pointer and FLag register) All 8 bit registers are supported: AL, AH, BL, BH, CL, CH, DL, DH Machine flag mnemonics: FLT Trap flag FLA Aux carry flag FLC Carry flag FLP Parity flag FLS Sign flag FLZ Zero flag FLD Direction flag FLI Interrupt flag FLO Overflow flag Quoted characters: ASCII values may be specified in quotes. Single quotes may be placed in double quotes and vice versa. If 2 charaters are specifed for a word they will be reversed (as normal) when hi/lo bytes are stored. Memory contents: The contents of memory locations are specified by placing the address in brakets(for word values) or braces(for byte values). The address may use expressions. If the address segment is omitted then the data segment value is used. {1234} ;Byte at DS:[1234] {es:bx+si} ;Byte at ES:[BX+SI] [ss:34] ;Word at SS:[34] Symbols: Symbols are used as addresses when placed in brakets or braces unless the symbol is defined as a constant. If this occurs then ds: is used for the segment and the constant value as the offset. When symbols are used as constants and not defined as such then the symbols offset is used. Symbol names are not restricted so care must be taken not to define a symbol as a cpu register mnemonic, ect... Also if a symbol is defined as a hexadecimal number then a leading zero must be used to distingish the two (See Hexadecimal numbers). Conditional expressions: A condition is said to be true if it equates to not zero. When using conditional operators they return zero if false or one if true. FLC True if carry flag is set AX True if AX <> 0 [SI]=123 True if word at ds:[si] = 0123 FLA|FLC True if aux carry or carry set FLA&FLC True if aux carry and carry set Notes: Logical operations can be used in math or relations. ((AX&8000h)=0)&FLO The above is true if AX sign bit is off and the overflow flag is set. .pa >>> BREAKPOINT <<< Raid has extremly powerful breakpoint facilitys. There are up to ten permanent breakpoints and up to ten temporary breakpoints. The temporary breakpoints are used simply to stop the program at a given point. The permanent breakpoints allow a user to select what condition the break should be taken and what action should be done. Such as stop the program when the carry flag is set at point cs:1245. Once a breakpoint is taken all the temporary breakpoints are removed. (That's why there called temporary). Once a permanent breakpoint is taken it is disabled so execution may continue. Disabled means all the breakpoint specifications are 'remembered' but the breakpoint is not active. To enable a permanent breakpoint once disabled use the <F1> B E command. To disable a permanent breakpoint use the <F1> B D command. Temporary breakpoints are set by positioning the item in the program window to the instruction where the breakpoint should be set. Then issue a <F1> B T command or press <F10>. Temporary breakpoints are flaged in the program window by an asterisks (*) following the address. If a temporary breakpoint needs to be removed do the same. These commands toggle the breakpoint not set it. To set a permanent breakpoint the <F1> B S command or selecting the BREAKPOINT window may be used. To clear a permanent breakpoint use the <F1> B C command. To clear all permanent breakpoints use the <F1> B I command. Permanent breakpoints may have a count specified. This means the breakpoint will not be active until executed count times. The default count is 1 (The first time). Permanent breakpoints may be conditional. A condition given to a breakpoint must be true for the breakpoint to break. (See conditional expressions in the expressions section). Permanent breakpoints have an action specified. The default action is STOP. Other functions are ENABLE another breakpoint, DISABLE another breakpoint, or CALL a user routine. The user routine for permanent breakpoints should end with an IRET instruction. <F1> Breakpoint Clear command: The <F1> B C command removes a permanent breakpoint. Breakpoints can be disabled without removal with the <F1> B D command. To clear(remove) all permanent breakpoints use the <F1> B I command. The user will be prompted: 'Enter breakpoint number to clear:' The response must be a valid breakpoint number (0 thru 9). If not no action will occur and an error will be issued. <F1> Breakpoint Disable All command: The <F1> B D A command will disable all permanent breakpoints. They will remain inactive until enabled with <F1> B E command. Note: Breakpoints can also be enabled by other breakpoints. Disabled breakpoints are flaged in the BREAKPOINT window by a 'D' following the breakpoint number. <F1> Breakpoint Disable Single command: The <F1> B D S command will disable one permanent breakpoint. The breakpoint will remain inactive until a <F1> B E command is issued or another breakpoint enables it. A 'D' will be shown in the BREAKPOINT window following the breakpoint number to indicate it's disabled. The user will be prompted: 'Enter breakpoint number to disable:' The response must be a valid breakpoint number (0 thru 9). If not no action will occur and an error will be issued. <F1> Breakpoint Enable All command: The <F1> B E A command will enable all permanent breakpoints. To disable a breakpoint use the <F1> B D command. To enable specific breakpoints use the <F1> B E S command. .pa <F1> Breakpoint Enable Single command: The <F1> B E S command will enable a permanent breakpoint. The breakpoint will then be active until disabled by a <F1> B D command or the breakpoint is taken. The user will be prompted: 'Enter breakpoint number to enable:' The responce must be a valid breakpoint number (0 thru 9). If not no action will be taken and an error will be issued. Press return only for breakpoint 0. <F1> Breakpoint Initialize command: The <F1> B I command removes (clears) all permanent breakpoints. To disable all breakpoints insted of clearing use the <F1> B D A command. To set breakpoints use the <F1> B S command. <F1> Breakpoint Set command: The <F1> B S command is used to set permanent breakpoints. To disable a set breakpoint use the <F1> B D command. To clear (remove) a breakpoint use the <F1> B C command. To set temporary breakpoints (or remove them) use the <F1> B T command or the <F10> key. Upon entering <F1> B S the user will be prompted: 'Enter brkpnt number [,addr [,count [,type [,cond]]]]:' The responce must be a valid breakpoint number (default is breakpoint 0) from 0 thru 9. The address (default is highlighted address in PROGRAM window) is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then CS: is used. If the address is does not matter and a certain condition is what is wanted use the <F1> P T command. The count (default is 0001) is entered as a word. Meaning a value from 0001h to 0ffffh. The count refers to how many times the address must be reached before an action is taken. If zero is specified then 0001 will be used. The type (default is Stop) is entered as a single character. The options are Disable, Call, Enable, and Stop. The Disable type must be followed by a breakpoint number to be disabled upon break. The Call type must be followed by an address of a user routine to be called upon break. The Enable type must be followed by a breakpoint number to be enabled upon break. The Stop type simply stops the program upon break. The condition (default is none) may be specified so that the breakpoint will do it's action only if the specified condition is true. See condition expressions in the expressions sections for details. <F1> Breakpoint Temporary command: The <F1> B T command will toggle a temporary breakpoint. The current highlighted address in the PROGRAM window will be toggled set and reset. If a temporary breakpoint is set an asterisks (*) will be displayed to the right of the address. The <F10> key has the same function. When a breakpoint (permanent or temporary is taked) all temporary breakpoints are reset. Up to ten temporary breakpoints may be set at a time. .pa >>> DISK <<< Raid has extensive disk commands. Disk I/O can be done using physical sectors, logical sectors or files. Features to load a program for debugging and disassembling a file to disk are also included. File specification may include full path specification except for the disk disassembler. Sectors may be specified as relative or as head, track, and sector. Relative is refers to as logical. Head, track, and sector is a physical specification. Extensive error trapping is used incase of an I/O error. Hardware problems are displayed in an easy to understand manner. Software problems or DOS failures are displayed in the following form: <error that occured> failure occured at <address> Interrupt xxh, function xxh Device: x:, Device header is at <address> Abort, Ignor, or Retry? In responce to the above: Abort: Return to raid Ignor: Continue with error Retry: Try function again Use the <F1> D G and <F1> D P commands for sector disk I/O. These commands use logical or physical sector numbering. For file I/O use the <F1> D N command to specify a file and <F1> D R to read and <F1> D W to write it. To load a(nother) program for debugging use the <F1> D L command. To disassemble a file to disk use the <F1> D D command. <F1> Disk Disassemble command: The <F1> D D command disassembles a program to a disk file. If symbols are defined they will be used in the disassemble. See program window in the windows sections for more details on the disassembler. The user will be prompted: 'Enter filename.ext [,starting address [,count]]:' Enter a file specification for the output to be named. Paths are not accepted. The starting address (default is CS:IP) is where the disassemble will start. The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then CS: will be used. The count is entered as a word from 1 to 0ffffh. If the count is omitted then the count will default to the size of the last file loaded for debugging. It is possible for a few more bytes to be disassembled than specified. If the byte count is reached mid-instruction then the count will go over because that instruction will be completly disassembled. (Example output) .pa <F1> Disk Get Logical command: The <F1> D G L command will read one or more sectors from the disk into memory. For disk editing sectors can be read in, edited using the DATA window, and wrote back using the <F1> D P L command. If specifing head, track, and sector is more desirable use the <F1> D G P command. The user will be prompted: 'Enter address, sector, count, drive:' The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is not specified then DS: is used. The sector is a 'relative sector' number. Meaning that all sectors on the disk are numbered sequential. For example physical sector: track 0, sector 1, head 0 is relative sector: sector 0. The count is a word that refers to how many sectors are to be sequentially read into memory. The drive is entered as a single character optionally followed by a colon refering to the drive name. For example: A:. <F1> Disk Get Physical command: The <F1> D G P command will read one or more sectors from the disk into memory. This command is identical to the <F1> D G L command except that sectors are specified by head, track, and sector rather that relative sectors. The user will be prompted: 'Enter address, head, track, sector, count, drive:' The syntax is the same as the <F1> D G L command except the head and track values must be entered. <F1> Disk Load command: The <F1> D L command load a file for debugging. If a .SYM file is found in the same path with the same filename then it is loaded into the symbol table. If the .SYM file is not a RAID .SYM file it may cause problems. To remove an invalid .SYM file use the <F1> P S I command. Path and drive specifications are valid. Extentions (Even if .COM or .EXE) must be specified. .EXE files are detected by a valid .EXE format not the extention name itself. The size of the file is saved for the default count when using the <F1> D W command. The file specification is saved for the default name used for the <F1> D R and <F1> D W commands. This can be changed with the <F1> D N command. Window pointers are set to: BREAKPOINT=0, DATA=DS:0, PROGRAM=CS:IP, and STACK=SS:SP. For .COM files IP=0100h, SP=0FFFEh, CS=DS=ES=SS, and 0 is pushed on the stack. For .EXE files all values are passed from the linker. Ones that are not are computed so the .EXE file will run properly under raid. All relocation is taken care of as well. A program segment prefix is always built. The user will be prompted: 'Enter file specification to load:' A file specification (paths may be included) must be entered. If the file is not found or an error occurs the user will be informed. <F1> Disk Name command: The <F1> D N command is used to specify a file specification to be used with the <F1> D R and <F1> D W commands. Full path specification may be used or a device name. For example: lpt1 If the file is not found it is created. <F1> Disk Put Logical command: The <F1> D P L command will write one or more sectors from memory to disk. USE EXTREME CAUTION USING THIS COMMAND ANY PLACE ON THE DISK MAY BE DESTROYED IF THE USER WRITES IN THE WORNG PLACE! The user will be prompted: 'Enter address, sector, count, drive:' The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then DS: is assumed. The sector is a relative sector number. (See <F1> D G L command for the definition of a relitive sector). The count refers to a word that specifies the number of sectors to be written. The drive is entered as a single character optionally followed by a colon refering to the drive name. For example: A:. <F1> Disk Put Physical command: The <F1> D P P command will write one or more sectors from the disk into memory. The command is identical to the <F1> D P L command except that sectors are specified as head, track, and sector rather than relative sectors. The user will be prompted: 'Enter address, head, track, sector, count, drive:' The syntax is the same as the <F1> D P L command except the head and track values must be entered. <F1> Disk Read command: The <F1> D R command reads data into memory from a DOS file. The file specification to read must have been specified using the <F1> D N command. If no previous <F1> D N command has issued then the name of last read or loaded file is used. If no file has been loaded or read then 'RAIDFILE.COM' is used. Device input is doe if a device was specified with the <F1> D N command. The user is prompted: 'Enter address [, count [,offset]]:' The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then CS: is assumed. The count is a word that refers to how many bytes are to be read. If the count is not specified then the file is completly read. The offset is a word that refers to the starting byte number to be read. The default is 0 (begining of file). <F1> Disk Write command: The <F1> D W command writes data from memory to a DOS file. The file specification to write must have been specified using the <F1> D N command. If no previous <F1> D N command has issued then the name of last read or loaded file is used. If no file has been loaded or read then 'RAIDFILE.COM' is used. Device output is done if a device was specified in the <F1> D N command. The user is prompted: 'Enter address [, count [,offset]]:' The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then CS: is assumed. The count is a word that refers to how many bytes are to be write. If a count is not specified then the numbers of bytes last read or loaded is used. If no file has previously been loaded or read and no count is specified then a file with length of 0 will be written. The offset is a word that refers to the starting byte number to be written. The default is 0 (begining of file). >>> EVALUATE <<< Raid has a built in facility for evaluating expressions. Enter an expression followed by the <F8> key and the result will be displayed. <F1> Evalute command: The <F1> E command is used to evaluate expressions. The user will be prompted: 'Enter expression to evaluate:' The expression then must be entered followed by a return. The result is displayed in binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. For more information see the expressions section. .pa >>> FORMAT <<< Raid has several formats available for ease in use. Formats are divided into Data and Radix types. The Data types effect the data window display format. The data in the window can be shown as addresses, bytes, long intergers, or words. Forms: Address 7856:3412 Byte 12 34 56 78 Long 78563412 Word 3412 7856 The Radix types effect the disassembler output of immediate operands. Immediate operands can be displayed in binary, decimal, hexadecimal, or octal. <F1> Format Data Address command: The <F1> F D A command changes the data window format to display and accept data in address form. <F1> Format Data Byte command: The <F1> F D B command changes the data window format to display and accept data in byte form. <F1> Format Data Long command: The <F1> F D L command changes the data window format to display and accept data in long interger form. Data must be entered as addresses under this format. <F1> Format Data Word command: The <F1> F D W command changes the data window format to display and accept data in word form. <F1> Format Radix Binary command: The <F1> F R B command causes the disassembler to display immediate operands in binary. Note: Due to leading zero supression size of operand must be determined by bytes disassembled. <F1> Format Radix Decimal command: The <F1> F R D command causes the disassembler to display immediate operands in decimal. Note: Due to leading zero supression size of operand must be determined by bytes disassembled. <F1> Format Radix Hexadecimal command: The <F1> F R H command causes the disassembler to display immediate operands in hexadecimal. Byte values will be displayed as two digits and words will be displayed as four digits. <F1> Format Radix Octal command: The <F1> F R O command causes the disassembler to display immediate operands in octal. Note: Due to leading zero supression size of operand must be determined by bytes disassembled. .pa >>> IO <<< Raid allows the user to input from and output to any 8 or 16 bit port. Raid also allow a user to input from and output a device. To do device I/O specify a device (LPT1, COM2,...) with the <F1> D N command. To output to a device then use the <F1> D W command. To input from a device use the <F1> D R command. Note: NO colon follows the device name! <F1> Io Input command: The <F1> I I command allows a user to read 16 bits ports. Is a count is specified the starting port address is displayed followed by the port contents and the contents of every successive port address for the count. The information will be displayed on the display line. The user will be prompted: 'Enter I/O port address, optional count:' The I/O port address is a hardware I/O port address between 0 and 0ffffh. The optional count defaults to 1. If the specified count is too large to fit on the display line the data will be truncated. <F1> Io Out command: The <F1> I O command writes words to successive addresses. Or of course a word to an address. The user will be prompted: 'Enter I/O port address, word list:' The I/O port address is a hardware I/O port address between 0 and 0ffffh. The word list is the data to be output to the port(s). Example: 27,34c7 ;port 27=34c7 38,1234,565d ;port 38=1234, port 3a=565d <F1> Io Read command: The <F1> I R command allows a user to read 8 bits ports. Is a count is specified the starting port address is displayed followed by the port contents and the contents of every successive port address for the count. The information will be displayed on the display line. The user will be prompted: 'Enter I/O port address, optional count:' The I/O port address is a hardware I/O port address between 0 and 0ffffh. The optional count defaults to 1. If the specified count is too large to fit on the display line the data will be truncated. <F1> Io Write command: The <F1> I W command writes bytes to successive addresses. Or of course a byte to an address. The user will be prompted: 'Enter I/O port address, byte list:' The I/O port address is a hardware I/O port address between 0 and 0ffffh. The byte list is the data to be output to the port(s). Example: 27,34 ;port 27=34 38,12,56 ;port 38=12, port 39=56 .pa >>> MEMORY <<< Raid has facilitys for dealing directly with memory. The features include clearing a portion of memory (<F1> M C command), finding a pattern in memory (<F1> M F command), moving a block of data in memory (<F1> M M command), and setting a pattern in memory (<F1> M S command). <F1> Memory Clear command: The <F1> M C command clears a range of memory. Starting at a specfied address all bytes are set to 0 for the count specified. The user is prompted: 'Enter starting address, number of bytes to clear:' The starting address is the byte to be cleared. The number of bytes to clear is just that. Example: 100,100 would clear 100h thru 1FFh <F1> Memory Find command: The <F1> M F command finds a specific byte or byte pattern in memory. The user is prompted: 'Enter starting address, count, data byte(s):' The starting address specifies the first location to look for the pattern. The count is how many successive locations to search. The data bytes is a byte list refering to the pattern to be found. Example: 100,1000,'t','e','s','t',0d,0a Searches for 'test' followed by a carriage return-line feed starting at address 100h for 1000h bytes. <F1> Memory Move command: The <F1> M M command copies a block of data from one section of memory to another. Care must be taken that the blocks do not overlap unless a repeated pattern is to be stored. If that is the case use the <F1> M S command. The user will be prompted: 'Enter source address, count, destionation address:' The source address is specified as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted it will default to DS:. The count is the number of bytes to be copied. The destionation address is specified as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then DS: is assumed. Example: 1000,3cb,4500 3cbh bytes will be copied from 1000h to 4500h. <F1> Memory Set command: The <F1> M S command sets a range of memory to specified byte pattern. The user will be prompted: 'Enter starting address, count, data byte(s):' The starting address specifies what address to start placing the specified pattern. It is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is ommitted then DS: is assumed. The count specifies how many times the pattern is to be stored. The data byte(s) refers to a byte list that specifies the pattern to be stored. .pa >>> PROGRAM <<< Raid has various way of executing a program. The program can be started at a specified address (<F1> P G). The program can be (re)started at the current CS:IP (<F1> P R). The program can be traced instruction at a time or until a specified condition has occured (<F1> P T). Or the program can be proceeded thru (<F1> P P). Proceeding is just like tracing except CALLs, INTerrupt, LOOPs, ect are not traced. There is also a facility for entering arguments to a program to use as if they were entered on the command line. There is a symbol submenu for manipulating program symbols. <F1> Program Arguments command: The <F1> P A command is used to enter a command line to the program. This line should be entered as arguments that would normally follow the program name. Program arguments may be specified after the program name to load in the raid command line. The command line is placed at DS:0080. and FCBs 5C and 6C are set. The user will be prompted: 'Enter command line:' The command line should be entered followed by a return. <F1> Program Go command: The <F1> P G command starts a program executing at a specfied address. The user will be prompted: 'Enter starting address:' The starting address refers to where program execution is to begin. The address is specified as segment:offset. If the segement is omitted then CS: is assumed .pa <F1> Program Proceed command: The <F1> P P command will trace a program one instruction at a time. The difference from this and tracing is that certain intructions are skipped. This avoids stepping thru a loop several times or thru a call that is known to work. The following instructions are skipped: CALL INT LOOP LOOPNZ / LOOPNE LOOPZ / LOOPE REP (and following intruction) REPZ / REPE (and following instruction) The <F6> key has the same function as <F1> P P. <F1> Program Restart command: The <F1> P R command restarts the program at the current instruction pointer (CS:IP). When a program is first loaded this command can be used to execute it from the starting address. The <F7> key has the same function as <F1> P R. <F1> Program Symbol Add command: The <F1> P S A command adds a symbol to the symbol table. Once a symbol is added it will be honored by the disassembler and may be used in expressions. If the symbol already exist it will be replaced by the new values entered. The user will be prompted: 'Enter symbol name, address [,type [,size]]:' The symbol name is any character string (Up to 9 characters). Note: all characters are valid except ',' and a space. The address is entered as segment:offset. If the segment is omitted then CS: is assumed. The type is an optional single character refering to what type of symbol is to be defined. The default is Label. Symbol types: B For byte DB C For constant EQU L For label x: T For text DB 'x' W For word DW Note: The disassembler takes types into account for a more acurate disassemble. The size is a word that refers to how long the symbol field is. Examples: FOO,CS:1234 ;Label FOO: at CS:1234 APPLE,27,B,10 ;APPLE at CS:27 is data ;in bytes for 10 bytes <F1> Program Symbol Initialize command: The <F1> P S I command initializes the symbol table. All symbols are erased. <F1> Program Symbol List command: The <F1> P S L command displays the symbol table. To do this the normal raid windows will be replaced by a symbol window. The escape key will bring them back. Symbols are displayed in alphabetic order. The PgDn and PgUp keys may be used to scroll the window. The display can be positioned to the first symbol starting with a specified letter by typing the letter. If more than 23 symbols are defined the symbols are displayed in two columns. Display example: FOOBAR 1EC5:023B Label FOODATA 1EC5:43CB Byte Length=12 .pa <F1> Program Symbol Read command: The <F1> P S R command reads a .SYM file into the symbol table. The .SYM file must have been created with the <F1> P S W commands or the MAP2SYM utility. Any existing symbols in the symbol table will be detroyed when the symbol file is loaded. The user will be prompted: 'Enter file name:' A file name must be specified. Full path specification may be used. A symbol file does not have to have a .SYM extension so extension must be specified even if it's .SYM. If a .SYM file exist with the same name as the program loaded for debugging it is automatically loaded into the symbol table. <F1> Program Symbol Write command: The <F1> P S W command write the symbol table to a file. The specified extension should be .SYM so the symbols will automatically be loaded in future debugging sessions. The symbol file can be reloaded using the <F1> P S R command. The user will be prompted: 'Enter file name:' A file name must be specified. Full path specification may be used. If the file already exist it will be overwritten. .pa <F1> Program Symbol Trace command: The <F1> P S T command traces a program one instruction at a time. It can also execute a specified number of instructions before breaking execution. Optionally a condition may be specified to break execution on. The <F5> key will trace one instruction at a time. When the <F5> key is used and the screen is in update mode there may be a flicker. The screen will flicker if the instruction to be executed could possibly effect the screen. If not no flicker will occur. When a condition is specified you have an option of 'watching the program run'. To do this put the screen in nonupdate mode. All program output will overwrite the raid screen. When command mode is resumed press the <F9> key twice if the display needs to be restored. When a program is being traced the escape key will stop program tracing. When tracing for a condition the screen update flag can be toggled using the <F9> key. This is NOT advised. The screen mode (update/nonupdate) can be set using the <F1> S U and <F1> S N commands respectivly. The user will be prompted: 'Enter number of instructions to execute [,cond]:' If just return is pressed one instruction is exectued. The <F5> key is recommended for single instruction execution. The number of instructions to execute is just that. A word from 0 to 0ffffh may be specified. The cond is what condition the program is stop at. If a conditional trace feature is needed use for example: CX<>CX. This condition will never occur so only the count will be valid but conditional features may be used. For information on condition see conditional expressions in the expressions section. .pa >>> QUIT <<< When leaving raid all memory is freed, all interrupt vectors are restored, and the application screen is restored. If raid was invoked with a '+r' option then all memory will be freed except for what raid needs and interrupt vectors are NOT restored. <F1> Quit No command: The <F1> Q N command cancels the exit of raid to DOS in case the user really does not want to exit. <F1> Quit Yes command: The <F1> Q Y command exit from raid to DOS. .pa >>> SCREEN <<< Raid keeps the application screen seperate from its own. If two screens are available raid can run on one and the application program on the other. If using only one screen it will be shared by multiplexing raid and application screens. There is also a faciltiy for saving the application screen as a BLOAD (BASIC command) file. <F1> Screen Application command: The <F1> S A command displays the application screen to return to the raid screen press any key. The application will be updated as the program runs if the screen update is on (<F1> S U). The <F9> key has the same function. <F1> Screen Color command: The <F1> S C command forces raid to use a color display. <F1> Screen Monochrome command: The <F1> S M command forces raid to use a monochrome display. <F1> Screen Nonupdate command: The <F1> S N command causes raid not to keep track of screen changes made by the program currently running. This is useful for the <F1> P T command or if raid is for example using the color display and the application the monochrome. <F1> Screen Save command: The <F1> S S command writes the application screen to disk in a format so it can be load from BASIC with the BLOAD command. <F1> Screen Update command: The <F1> S U command causes raid to keep track of the changes made to the application screen. During tracing instructions that could effect the screen there will be a short flicker. To view the application screen use the <F9> key or the <F1> S A command. .pa >>> TRACE <<< Raid has a facility for tracing interrupts. Normally interrupts are not traced. With the trace facility ranges of interrupts may be set to trace. Interrupts 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, and 20 cannot be traced because raid takes these over. When tracing interrupt 21 (DOS call) there will be an extra step checking for an exit function. After this interrupt 21 is vanilla. <F1> Trace Clear command: The <F1> T C command disables an interrupt or range of interrupts to trace. The user will be prompted: 'Enter low INT range [, high INT range]:' In response the user may enter a hexadecimal number of an interrupt not to trace, or two values may be entered to specify a range of interrupts not to be traced. <F1> Trace Disable command: The <F1> T D command disables all interrupt tracing. The is raids default. To trace a particular interrupt range use the <F1> T S command. To enable all interrupt tracing use the <F1> T E command. <F1> Trace Enable command: The <F1> T E command enables all interrupt tracing. Except of course the ones that cannot be traced. To disable a certain interrupt or range of interrupts use the <F1> T C command. To disable all interrupt tracing use the <F1> T D command. .pa <F1> Trace Set command: The <F1> T S command enable an interrupt or range of interrupts to trace. The user will be prompted: 'Enter low INT range [, high INT range]:' A hexadecimal value may be entered to enable an interrupt. Two values may be specified to enable a range of interrupts. Interrupts specified that are not allowed to be traced will be ignored. If for example '2,5' were entered interrupts 2, 4, and 5 would be enabled. Not 3 because raid uses it for breakpoints. .pa >>> WINDOW <<< Information on windows is in the windows chapter. The following are descriptions of the window commands. <F1> Window Address command: The <F1> W A command sets the orgin address of the current window. An address entered followed by the <F2> key has the same effect. The user will be prompted: 'Enter address:' In the DATA, PROGRAM, and STACK windows full memory address may be specified. If the segment is omitted DS, CS, and SS are used respectivly. In the BREAKPOINT window a breakpoint number must be specified. In the CPU window this command issues an error message. <F1> Window Change Breakpoint command: The <F1> W C B command makes the BREAKPOINT window active. CTRL-B has the same effect. For more information see the breakpoint window section in the windows chapter. <F1> Window Change Cpu command: The <F1> W C C command makes the CPU window active. CTRL-C has the effect. For more information see the cpu window section in the windows chapter. <F1> Window Change Data command: The <F1> W C D command makes the DATA window active. CTRL-D has the same effect. For more information see the data window section in the windows chapter. <F1> Window Change Program command: The <F1> W C P command makes the PROGRAM window active. CTRL-P has the same effect. For more information see the program window section in the windows chapter. <F1> Window Change Stack command: The <F1> W C S command makes the STACK window active. CTRL-S has the same effect. For more information see the stack window section in the windows chapter. <F1> Window Exchange command: The <F1> W E command will change from hexadecimal to text mode in the DATA window. In the STACK window it will reverse the direction. In other windows this has no function. The <F3> key has the same effect. .pa >>> SUMMARY OF COMMANDS <<< Command Description ======= =========== Breakpoint Clear Clear a breakpoint Breakpoint Disable All Disable all breakpoints Breakpoint Disable Single Disable a breakpoint Breakpoint Enable All Enable all breakpoints Breakpoint Enable Single Enable a single breakpoint Breakpoint Initialize Clear all breakpoints Breakpoint Set Set a breakpoint Breakpoint Temporary Toggle temporary breakpoint Disk Disassemble Disassemble program to a file Disk Get Logical Read a logical sector Disk Get Physical Read a physical sector Disk Load Load a program for debugging Disk Name Specify a file name Disk Put Logical Write a logical sector Disk Put Physical Write a physical sector Disk Read Read a file Disk Write Write a file Evaluate Evaluate an expression Format Data Address Data in address format Format Data Byte Data in byte format Format Data Long Data in long format Format Data Word Data in word format Format Radix Binary Display operands in binary Format Radix Decimal Display operands in decimal Format Radix Hexadecimal Display operands in hex Format Radix Octal Display operands in octal I/o In Read word(s) from port(s) I/o Out Write word(s) to port(s) I/o Read Read byte(s) from port(s) I/o Write Write byte(s) to port(s) Memory Clear Clear range of memory Memory Find Find pattern in memory Memory Move Copy a memory block Memory Set Place a pattern in memory Program Arguments Enter command line Program Go Execute start at an address Program Proceed Trace, skipping loops Program Restart Continue execution Program Symbol Add Add a symbol to the table Program Symbol Initialize Clear symbol table Program Symbol List Display symbol table Program Symbol Read Read symbol table from disk Program Symbol Write Write symbol table to disk Program Trace Execute a single instruction Quit No Cancel quit command Quit Yes Exit from raid to DOS Screen Application Display application screen Screen Color Use color display Screen Monochrome Use monochrome display Screen Nonupdate No application screen update Screen Save Save user screen to a file Screen Update Update application screen Trace Clear Disable range of interrupt tracing Trace Disable Disable all interrupt tracing Trace Enable Enable all interrupt tracing Trace Set Set range of interrupt tracing Window Address Set orgin address of window Window Change Breakpoint Select breakpoint window Window Change Cpu Select cpu window Window Change Data Select data window Window Change Program Select program window Window Change Stack Select stack window Window Exchange Select other window function <ESC> Display funtion key setting or exit from command tree. <F1> Issue a command <F2> Set window address <F3> Window exchange <F4> Change window <F5> Execute single intruction <F6> Trace, skipping loops <F7> Continue execution <F8> Evaluate expression <F9> Show application screen <F10> Toggle temporary breakpoint CTRL-B Select breakpoint window CTRL-C Select cpu window CTRL-D Select data window CTRL-E Display last error message CTRL-N Set IP to current item address CTRL-P Select program window CTRL-S Select stack window <5> on pad (no numlock) Break program execution .pa >>> MESSAGES <<< ? Access denied This is a DOS error meaning the wanted file cannot be accessed. ? Attempt to divide by zero An expression was entered that attempted to divide by zero. For example if BX=0 and SI/BX is entered as an expession. Bad FAT image A bad File Allocation Table was detected on a disk. Bad req strc len A bad request structure length was specified. ? Bad sector - CRC failed The CRC for a sector was wrong. This means the data in the sector is not valid. *** BREAKPOINT x *** This message is issued when raid is restarted after a program breakpoint is reached. The x is replaced by the breakpoint number or ? if the breakpoint reached was not defined by raid. Bytes read from disk = x After a disk read this message displays the number of bytes read in hexadecimal. Cannot find pattern in memory When using the <F1> M F command the pattern was not found. ? Cannot set breakpoint A breakpoint was attempted to be set in ROM or non-existent memory. This error can also be caused by faulty memory. ? Cannot use register twice in address An attempt to assemble a memory reference that used an index register twice. This can be done in expressions but not assembled since the 8086 processor does not support this. Character device error A ROM error occured when trying to communicate to a character device. (lpt, com,...). ? Close failed - dir entry lost A DOS error occured when trying to close a file. If this occurs the file written will not contain any new information. >>> Condition true: x <<< A waited for condition occured. This will be displayed when tracing a program till a condition. ? Condition truncated - Too big The condition entered was too long. Conditional breakpoint conditions are limited to 15 characters. ? CPU flags must be 0 or 1 only An attempt was made to enter a value other than 0 or 1 in a CPU flag field. ? CPU window has no address An attempt was made to set the orgin address of the CPU window which has no addresses. .pa Data error The ROM detected a data error while doing I/O. ? Disk controller failed The ROM detected a disk controller failure. ? Disk is write protected An attempt to write on a write protected disk was made. ? Disk seek failed A seek error occured while reading or writing a disk sector. ? Disk timed out The disk prematurly timed out. ? Divide overflow, Interrupt 0 The 8086 processor attempted to divide by zero or a divide overflow occured. Drive not ready The drive is not ready to be used. The door is not closed, ect... ? File not found The specified file was not found in the directory. Found pattern at location: xxxx:xxxx The <F1> M F command found the pattern. The program window's address is set to the location. .pa ? Free disk space exhasted All free space on the disk has been used. In other words the disk is full. ? Garbage after expression An expression entered was valid except for 'junk' entered after it. ? General disk I/O failure A ROM error that means the last disk I/O failed. General error A ROM error that means the last I/O failed. ? Immediate value out of range An immediate value was specified that was out of range. Example: MOV AL,3000 will cause this error because the largest number AL can hold is 0FFh. ? Insufficient free memory This message is issued when there is not enough RAM to load a program. ? Invalid address list The entered address list contains an improperly formatted entry. ? Invalid breakpoint number A breakpoint number was specified that was not valid. Valid breakpoint numbers are 0 thru 9. ? Invalid breakpoint type A breakpoint type was specified other that Call, Disable, Enable, or Stop. ? Invalid byte list The entered byte list contains an improperly formatted entry or an entry that exceeds 0ffh. ? Invalid doubleword list The entered doubleword list contains an improperly formatted entry. ? Invalid op code An unrecognized op code was attempted to be assembled. ? Invalid operand specified The operand specified for the op code is invalid. Note: 8087/80287 op codes are not supported, they must be entered as escape sequences. ? Invalid path The path specified in a file specification was not found. ? Invalid symbol type A symbol type other than Byte, Constant, Label, Text, or Word was specified. ? Invalid word list The entered word list contains an improperly formatted entry. *** Manual break from keyboard *** The <5> key without numlock was pressed while a program was running. Doing this interrupts program execution. .pa ? Missing closing brace } An opening brace was encountered without a closing brace. ? Missing closing bracket ] An opening bracket was encountered without a closing bracket. ? Missing closing parenthesis ) An opening parenthesis was encounted without a closing parenthesis. ? Missing closing quote A literal was entered without a closing quote. ? Missing operand The op code to be assembled required more operands then were specified. ? No directory space available The directory is full and can hold no more file entrys. Out of paper The printer is out of paper. >>> Please wait for disk access(es) <<< Raid is accessing disk. >>> Please wait for memory access(es) <<< Raid is accessing RAM. * PROGRAM ABORT - Fatal error * A fatal DOS error was encounter and the Abort option was entered. * Program loaded * The specified program was successfully loaded. * Program terminated normally * The program terminated with a normal exit. Raid vx.x at your service... Raid and optional files are loaded and ready for use. Read fault ROM detected a read fault. ? Relative address out of range A relative address was entered that was out of the -128 to +128 byte range. ? Sector not found The specified sector does not exist or could not be found. Seek error The ROM detected a disk seek error while trying to read or write a sector. ? Symbol table empty An attempt was made to display a non-existant symbol table. ? Symbol table full The symbol table is full and can hold no more entries. .pa ? Syntax error A general syntax occured. This happens when a sequence is expected to be entered and is not. *** TEMPORARY BREAKPOINT *** This is displayed when the program breaks on a temporary breakpoint. ? Too many temporary breakpoints An attempt was made to define more than ten temporary breakpoints. *** TRACE *** This means the program broke after executing a trace. ? Undefined OPcode, Interrupt 6 The 80286 attempted to execute an invalid instruction. Unknown command ROM returned an unknown command error. Unknown media ROM returned an unknown media error. Unknown unit ROM returned an unknown unit error. Write fault ROM returned a write fault error. Write protected ROM returned a write protect error meaning an attempt was made to write on a write protected disk.